Enhancing understanding of ecosystem multifunctionality in mountain regions

Abstract Mountain landscapes that are managed to provide several ecosystem services (ES) have the potential sustain high levels of biodiversity while also meeting multiple human needs. The promotion multifunctional has become an important policy target in land management and gained research traction under definition ES‐multifunctionality. However, scale dynamics patterns ES‐multifunctionality remain poorly understood rarely integrated into recommendations. To address this gap, we used two diversity indices quantify based on 11 ES indicators at different spatial scales a case‐study region European Alps. approach captures provided patch landscape ( α ‐multifunctionality) as well unique contributions ecosystems regional β ‐multifunctionality). Results show generally decreases from low use intensities increases elevations. While forest‐dominated hotspots diversity, more specialized supply above tree line valley floors enhances This study highlights how understanding its incorporation requires adopting multi‐scale approach. Patch‐scale analyses necessary identify environmental characteristics underpinning with fine level detail. looking distribution uncovers benefits originating interacting ecosystems, can support identification areas should be protected, restored, or sustainably managed.